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The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970. Blacks moved from 14 states of the South, especially Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, to the other three cultural (and census-designated) regions of the United States. Georgia was especially affected, seeing net declines in its African-American population for three consecutive decades after 1920. Some historians differentiate between a first Great Migration (1910–1930), which saw about 1.6 million people move from mostly rural areas to northern industrial cities, and a Second Great Migration (1940–1970), which began after the Great Depression and brought at least 5 million people — including many townspeople with urban skills — to the north and to California and other western states.〔(William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp. 1–3 ), accessed 19 March 2008.〕 By the end of the Second Great Migration, African Americans had become an urbanized population. More than 80 percent of blacks lived in cities. A bare majority of 53 percent remained in the South, while 40 percent lived in the North, and 7 percent in the West.〔AAME〕 In 1991, Nicholas Lemann wrote that the Great Migration: was one of the largest and most rapid mass internal movements in history—perhaps the greatest not caused by the immediate threat of execution or starvation. In sheer numbers it outranks the migration of any other ethnic group—Italians or Irish or Jews or Poles—to (U.S. ). For blacks, the migration meant leaving what had always been their economic and social base in America, and finding a new one. Since 1965, a reverse migration has gathered strength. Dubbed the New Great Migration, it has seen many blacks move to the South, generally to states and cities where economic opportunities are the best. The reasons include economic difficulties of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, growth of jobs in the "New South" and its lower costs of living, family and kinship ties, and improving racial relations. As early as 1975 to 1980, seven southern states were net black migration gainers. African-American populations have continued to drop throughout much of the Northeast, particularly with black emigration out of the state of New York, as well as out of Northern New Jersey, as they rise in the South. ==Numbers and destinations== James Gregory calculates decade-by-decade migration volumes in his book, ''The Southern Diaspora.'' Black migration picked up from the start of the new century, with 204,000 leaving in the first decade. The pace accelerated with the outbreak of World War I and continued through the 1920s. By 1930, there were 1.3 million former southerners living in other regions.〔Gregory, James N. (2009) "The Second Great Migration: An Historical Overview," ''African American Urban History: The Dynamics of Race, Class and Gender since World War II'', eds. Joe W. Trotter Jr. and Kenneth L. Kusmer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 22.〕 The Great Depression wiped out job opportunities in the northern industrial belt, especially for African Americans, and caused a sharp reduction in migration. A second and larger Great Migration began around 1940 as defense industries geared up for World War II. 1.4 million black southerners moved north or west in the 1940s, followed by 1.1 million in the 1950s, and another 2.4 million people in the 1960s and early 1970s. By the late 1970s, as deindustrialization and the Rust Belt crisis took hold, the Great Migration came to an end. But, in a reflection of changing economics, in the 1980s and early 1990s, more black Americans were heading South than leaving that region.〔Gregory, James N. (2005)''The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 12–17.〕 Big cities were the principal destinations of southerners throughout the two phases of the Great Migration. In the first phase, eight major cities attracted two-thirds of the migrants: New York and Chicago, followed in order by Philadelphia, St. Louis, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Indianapolis. The Second great black migration increased the populations of these cities while adding others as destinations, especially on the West Coast. Cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Phoenix, Seattle, and Portland attracted African Americans in large numbers.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Great Migration (African American)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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